Beautiful evening 🌿 🌋 newest KILAUEA UPDATE / Hualālai/ etc tonight just posted USGS 🤍❤️🩹💋✝️💘🧚🏼♀️
Wow, hello dreams ❤️🔥👌♾✝️❤️🔥🌿🤍
All I can say. Or even want to say anymore to Puna, but here’s to you world 🙏🏻❤️🔥♾💪 👍🏻 💚🕊👌💪🦅
☮️ Here is your KILAUEA update from 10-18-21 tonight USGS , important for us ALL believe me , so if you consider yourself a resident of LERZ , it’s good to be AWARE 👇
❤️🔥😭♾💪😘🤙🦅♌️ shoots den ohhh make SURE to get past the iPads for the rest of the REAL TIME webcams right now , 8:43 pm 10-18-21 (all images have time stamp from ISGS on it xox)
HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY DAILY UPDATE
U.S. Geological Survey
Monday, October 18, 2021, 8:55 AM HST (Monday, October 18, 2021, 18:55 UTC)
KILAUEA VOLCANO (VNUM #332010)
19°25'16" N 155°17'13" W, Summit Elevation 4091 ft (1247 m)
Current Volcano Alert Level: WATCH
Current Aviation Color Code: ORANGE
Activity Summary: Kīlauea volcano is erupting. As of this morning, October 18, 2021, lava continues to erupt from a single vent in the western wall of Halemaʻumaʻu crater. All lava activity is confined within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Seismicity and volcanic gas emission rates remain elevated.
Summit Observations: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rates remain high, with a preliminary emission rate for October 17, 2021 of approximately 2,700 tonnes per day. Summit tilt was flat over the past 24 hours.
Halemaʻumaʻu Lava Lake Observations: Lava continues to erupt from a single vent in the western wall of Halemaʻumaʻu crater. The western end of the lake showed a maximum elevation of approximately 788 meters (2585 ft) above sea level when measured by field crews on October 17, which is a total increase of about 45 meters (148 ft) since lava emerged on September 29. The total erupted volume since the beginning of the eruption was estimated to be about 15.9 million cubic meters (4.2 billion gallons) on October 8. The western vent had fountain heights of 5 m (16 ft) observed by field crews on October 17. The fountain has built a spatter cone with an opening facing east from which lava is flowing into the lake. The central island and several of the smaller eastern islets from the 2020 lava lake are still above the lake surface along with an island of the 2020 western vent rampart in the northwest part of the lake. The lava lake is not level across its surface due to the location of the vent in the western end. Areas closer to the vent are about 2-3 meters (7-10 ft) higher in elevation compared to the north and south part of the lake and 8 meters (26 ft) higher than the east end of the lava lake. Lava surface activity such as crustal foundering is seen on the western end of the lake and north and south of the central island but is no longer observed on the east end of the lake.
East Rift Zone Observations: No unusual activity has been noted in the Kīlauea East Rift Zone. Ground deformation motion suggests that the upper East Rift Zone—between the summit and Puʻuʻōʻo—has been steadily refilling with magma over the past year. SO2 and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions from Puʻuʻōʻō were below instrumental detection levels when last measured on January 7, 2021.
Hazard Analysis: This new eruption at Kīlauea’s summit is occurring within a closed area of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park. Therefore, high levels of volcanic gas are the primary hazard of concern, as this hazard can have far-reaching effects down-wind. Large amounts of volcanic gas—primarily water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)—are continuously released during eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano. As SO2 is released from the summit, it reacts in the atmosphere to create the visible haze known as vog (volcanic smog) that has been observed downwind of Kīlauea. Vog creates the potential for airborne health hazards to residents and visitors, damages agricultural crops and other plants, and affects livestock. For more information on gas hazards at the summit of Kīlauea, please see: https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs20173017. Vog information can be found at https://vog.ivhhn.org/.
Additional hazards include Pele's hair and other lightweight volcanic glass fragments from the lava fountains that will fall downwind of the fissure vents and dust the ground within a few hundred meters (yards) of the vent (s). Strong winds may waft lighter particles to greater distances. Residents should minimize exposure to these volcanic particles, which can cause skin and eye irritation.
Other significant hazards also remain around Kīlauea caldera from Halemaʻumaʻu crater wall instability, ground cracking, and rockfalls that can be enhanced by earthquakes within the area closed to the public. This underscores the extremely hazardous nature of Kīlauea caldera rim surrounding Halemaʻumaʻu crater, an area that has been closed to the public since early 2008.
For discussion of Kīlauea hazards, please see: https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hawaiian-volcano-observatory/hazards
Please see the Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park website for visitor information: https://www.nps.gov/havo/index.htm. Visitors to Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park should note that under southerly (non-trade) wind conditions, there is potential for a dusting of powdery to gritty ash composed of volcanic glass and rock fragments. These ashfalls represent a minor hazard, but visitors should be aware that dustings of ash at areas around the Kīlauea summit are possible.
The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) continues to closely monitor Kīlauea Volcano.
HVO will continue to issue daily Kīlauea Volcano updates until further notice. Additional messages will be issued as needed.
More Information:
Kīlauea activity summary also available by phone: (808) 967-8862
Kīlauea webcam images: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/webcams
Kīlauea photos/video: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/photo-video-chronology
Kīlauea lava-flow maps: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/maps
Kīlauea FAQs: https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea/faqs
And the GEOLOGY. It’s great being aware .
Kīlauea
Geology and History
The Island of Hawai‘i with lava flows erupted in approximately the past 1,000 years shown in red. Located on the southeastern side, Kīlauea Volcano is 90% covered with young flows. (Public domain.)
Kīlauea Volcano Erupts in Explosive and Effusive Cycles
Kīlauea Volcano is a shield volcano located on the eastern slope of Mauna Loa Volcano on the Island of Hawai‘i. The volcano is considered to be in the shield-building stage of Hawaiian volcanism.
There is a lack of old exposed rock at Kīlauea, which makes it difficult for geologists to piece together its complete eruption history. Only about 10 percent of Kīlauea's surface consists of rock older than 1,000 years. The other 90 percent of the volcano's surface is covered by lava flows younger than 1,000 years, and about 20 percent of those flows are less than 200 years old. The Hilina Basalt formation, exposed in Hilina fault scarps on Kīlauea's central south flank, includes the oldest lava flows found above sea level, which erupted around 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.
Older rocks have been recovered from Kīlauea's submarine slopes and drill cores, providing some clues to the volcano's origin. Estimates for the age of Kīlauea's first-erupted lavas continue to evolve as more samples are collected and various dating methods are used. Current research indicates the first alkali-basalt lava flows erupted onto the ocean floor between 210,000 and 280,000 years ago, and the volcano transitioned from its pre-shield to the shield-building stage about 155,000 years ago.
Map of Kīlauea's activity over the past ~200 years
Map showing the subaerial extents of historical lava flows from Kīlauea. Lava flow hazard zones and districts of the County of Hawai‘i are also depicted. (Credit: K. Mulliken, HVO. Public domain.)
See the table summarizing Kīlauea activity over the past ~200 years here.
Geologic mapping and dating of Kīlauea's surface tells of cyclic eruption styles
At Kīlauea, when the lava column drops below the water table, groundwater may come into contact with magma or hot rocks, causing violent steam explosions. (Public domain.)
Long periods of explosive (tephra-dominated) and effusive (lava-flow-dominated) activity have alternated at Kīlauea for the past 2,500 years. Scientists infer that the eruption style is determined by the amount of magma being supplied to the volcano. When magma supply is high, the summit caldera fills and feeds voluminous lava flows from the summit and rift zone vents. When the magma supply drops, the caldera collapses. When the caldera floor is deep enough to be at or near the water table (about 500 m (1640 ft) deeper than present), water can seep into the vent to trigger steam explosions. Eventually, magma supply increases and effusive eruptions dominate as many lava flows fill the caldera and erupt from the rift zones.
Prolonged periods of explosive eruptions at Kīlauea may require the presence of a caldera to sustain them. Scientists estimate that during Kīlauea's past 2,500 years a deep caldera has existed about 60 percent of the time, which included two long periods of sporadic violent explosions. One lasted 1,200 years, ending in about 1000 CE; the other lasted 300 years, between about 1500 and 1800 CE.
Caldera collapse 2,200 years ago ushered in 1,200 years of explosive eruptions
Since Kīlauea's surface is dominantly covered by young deposits, only the eruption record of the past 2,500 years is suitably well-known. Effusive lava flows were the norm until about 2,200 years ago when the Powers caldera formed—the precursor to the present-day summit caldera. The caldera collapsed to a depth of at least 620 m (2030 ft), where magma and external water interacted to trigger powerful phreatomagmatic (water plus magma) eruptions. Numerous explosive eruptions lasted for a period of about 1,200 years, producing the Uwekahuna tephra. Sometime between 850 and 950 CE, the most powerful explosive eruption known to have occurred from Kīlauea sent rocks weighing 4.4 kg (9.7 lbs) at least 5 km (3 mi) from the summit. Golf ball-sized rocks fell at the coast, 18 km (11 mi) away.
Lava Flows from 1000 to 1500 CE built the Observatory shield and ‘Ailā‘au flow
Stream of lava from Pu‘u‘ō‘ō flowing through the forest in the Royal Gardens subdivision, February 28, 2008. The lava stream is about 3 m (10 ft) wide. Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. (Public domain.)
Lava flows finally began to erupt again about 1,000 years ago, breaking the 1,200-year-long interval dominated by explosive eruptions. Lava completely filled the summit caldera, then overflowed to form a new shield—the Observatory shield—in place of the caldera. Flows spilled into the surrounding forest, which had grown during the previous centuries, and lava also erupted frequently along the volcano's east and southwest rift zones. Some archaeologists think people first arrived on the island in the beginning half of the 13th century, 200 to 250 years after the Observatory shield started to form.
Kīlauea Caldera simplified geologic map, month/year labels on lava flows. Entire caldera floor covered either by lava flows erupted since 1885 or by the early 19th century Keanakāko‘i Ash (not on map).(Public domain.)
Construction of the shield ended around the year 1400 CE. Soon after, lava erupted from a vent on the east side of the shield near the present-day Thurston lava tube (Nāhuku). This effusive eruption lasted for about 60 years, the longest-lasting lava flow witnessed by human inhabitants in Hawai‘i. Known as the ‘Ailā‘au flow, it covered much of Kīlauea, from the summit to the coast on the north side of the East Rift Zone, with some lava spilling southward to the modern Keauhou Landing.
Caldera formation marks a transition from effusive to explosive phase
The present-day Kīlauea caldera formed by collapse just after the ‘Ailā‘au eruption ended (about 1470 CE) and before the Keanakāko‘i eruptions began (about 1510 CE). The caldera floor dropped to a depth of about 600 m (1970 ft), with diameters of 3.5 km (2.2 mi) by 3 km (1.9 mi), which is estimated to be a collapsed volume of 4 to 6 km3 (1 to 1.4 mi3). Traditional Hawaiian chants suggest that Hi‘iaka, a sister of the volcano deity Pele, dug a deep caldera after the ‘Ailā‘au eruption. This oral tradition describes the caldera's formation by a dramatic collapse of the volcano's summit area.
So, how did the caldera form? To trigger a collapse, the material must be removed from the magma reservoir within the volcano, creating a void into which the overlying rocks fall. The volume of lava erupted during the 60-year ‘Ailā‘au eruption matches the inferred caldera collapse volume. Perhaps incremental collapse occurred as the magma storage region gradually emptied, then eventually led to a final large collapse as described in Hawaiian chants. It is possible that toward the end of the ‘Ailā‘au eruption, the dwindling magma supply failed to replenish the magma storage system, which collapsed as it emptied.
Footprints left in wet volcanic ash when a group of Hawaiian travelers walked through the area after an explosive eruption in 1790 CE deposited 2 cm (1 in) of ash southwest of Kīlauea's summit. (Public domain.)
Kīlauea's most recent explosive period lasted 300 years
Towering lava fountains, likely more than 600 m (2,000 ft) high, roared from Kīlauea caldera just after it formed and began 300 years of explosive eruptions that ended in the early 19th century. During that time, at least four strong explosive eruptions sent tephra high into the jet stream, with ash falling over a broad area east and offshore of the volcano. This eruptive period blanketed the summit area with an 11-m- (35-ft-) thick deposit known as the Keanakāko‘i tephra.
Near the end of this explosive period in 1790, a series of explosive eruptions sent searing pyroclastic surges at least 3.5 km (2.1 mi) down the west side of the summit area. This was the deadliest eruption known from a U.S. volcano (but at the time, it was the Hawaiian Kingdom). Several hundred (and perhaps more than a few thousand) people were killed within a few hundred meters of where the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the National Park's Jaggar Museum are located today. The unfortunate victims died as a result of the hot, ash-rich surge that both suffocated and burned them.
A three-day long eruption in July 1974 sent lava flows onto the floor of Kīlauea Volcano's summit caldera, where they spread out beneath the western caldera wall. (Public domain.)
Current effusive period has lasted about 200 years, but it will switch back again
Only a few lava flows have erupted during the 300 years of explosive activity, but that changed in 1823 when the volcano reverted to an effusive interval that continues to this day. Since then, Kīlauea's summit caldera has been slowly filling with lava flows, and, at a depth of 120 m (400 ft) today, much shallower than its past depth of at least 600 m (2000 ft). In addition to summit eruptions, numerous lava fountains and lava flows have issued from vents along the volcano's southwest and east rift zones.
The first explosive eruption on the volcano since the early 19th century took place in 1924 within Halema‘uma‘u Crater on the floor of Kīlauea's summit caldera. The eruption occurred days after the active lava lake drained away, with the magma probably intruding into the volcano's East Rift Zone. For 17 days, rocks, ash, and dust erupted in dramatic clouds rising from the crater. Rocks weighing many tons were hurled as far as a kilometer (0.6 mi) from the crater. There was some subsidence within Halema‘uma‘u, but the caldera did not deepen appreciably. Within two months, lava reappeared in the crater and above the level of the water table, which inhibited additional large steam explosions. Although the period of explosive eruptions was brief and violent, they were small compared to those between 1500 and 1800.
Explosive eruption column from Halema‘uma‘u Crater 11:15 a.m. May 18, 1924 - one of many in a series of similar events during May 11-27. Photo from the northwest rim of Kīlauea summit, present site of HVO. (Credit: Maehara, K. Public domain.)
Having pieced together the recent geologic past of Kīlauea, scientists conclude that the volcano will eventually return to a long period of mostly explosive activity, just as it did around 1500 CE. This future explosive period will probably accompany a significant decrease in the magma supply rate and be initiated by the collapse of a new caldera to the depth of the water table, which today is about 615 m (2015 ft) below the present high point on the caldera rim. For now, effusive eruptions dominate Kīlauea.
Graph showing the depth of lava (in meters) in Halema‘uma‘u crater at Kīlauea volcano's summit, from September 2021 and on. On January 8, 2021, a novel laser rangefinder was stationed at Kīlauea volcano's summit. The fixed instrument continuously measures the distance to a location on the western lava lake surface, and telemeters data to HVO in real time. The raw data has been edited for this graph, with a running mean average filter of 3600 seconds. Variations in plotted depth can occur due to laser rangefinder returns on gas rather than the lava surface.
For reference, the base of Halema‘uma‘u after the 2018 collapse event is “zero” on this plot (equal to an elevation of 518 meters/1699 ft above sea level). Post-eruption analyses indicate that the December 2020–May 2021 lava lake filled the base of Halema‘uma‘u to a depth of 223 meters/732 ft (equal to an elevation of approximately 741 meters/2431 ft above sea level). The ongoing eruption is adding to that lava depth. Lava will overflow Halema‘uma‘u, onto the lowest down-dropped block, at a depth of 267 meters/876 ft (equal to an elevation of 790 meters/2592 ft above sea level).
Hey how bout HUALĀLAI?
1800’s baby
It is considered to be in the post-shield stage of activity. Six different vents erupted lava between the late 1700s and 1801, two of which generated lava flows that poured into the sea on the west coast of the island. The Keahole Airport, located only 11 km (7 mi) north of Kailua-Kona, is built atop the larger flow. The oldest dated rocks are from about 128,000 years ago and it probably reached an elevation above sea level before 300,000 years ago. The volume of Hualālai is 12,400 km3 (2,975 mi3). Its area is 751 km2 (290 mi2).
Though Hualālai is not nearly as active as Mauna Loa or Kīlauea, geologic mapping of the volcano shows that 80 percent of Hualālai's surface has been covered by lava flows in the past 5,000 years. In the past few decades, when most of the resorts, homes, and commercial buildings were built on the flanks of Hualālai, earthquake activity beneath the volcano has been low. In 1929, however, an intense swarm of more than 6,200 earthquakes rattled the area around Hualālai Volcano for more than a month. The earthquakes were most likely caused by an intrusion of magma beneath the volcano. Two large earthquakes (each about magnitude 6.5) destroyed houses, water tanks, stone fences, and roadways. For these reasons, Hualālai is considered a potentially dangerous volcano that is likely to erupt again.
Wows what do you think!? Please don’t be shy let me know xo comments are wide open xo
https://lerzpunanewsblog.blogspot.com/2021/10/bedtime-prayer-for-puna.html
Enjoy your night
As always, Keeping everyone in Puna in my prayers for love and safety and soul redemption.
Aloha my loves xo
lerzpunanewsblog@outlook.com
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